Over the course of our research we noted that certain aspects of ownership have been understudied. For example, studies of ownership from an intersectional perspective (i.e. the interplay between gender and factors such as ethnicity, functional variations, age, sexuality, socio-economic status, and religion) are limited.

By understudied, we mean that the issues have either not been examined, that there are no studies based on large and trustworthy datasets, that hypotheses have not been tested repeatedly in different contexts, or that existing studies have not been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. This means that there is not enough evidence for us to be able to draw precise conclusions.

There is extensive research on the factors that influence entrepreneurship and stock market participation, but significantly less on the motivations behind owning forests and land. Additionally, there is a lack of studies examining how gender and ethnicity interact to shape ownership opportunities.

We can conclude that gender matters, and that more studies aimed at understanding the interaction between gender, ethnicity and ownership need to be implemented. Given the current state of research, it is thus difficult to draw conclusions about whether and how, for example, ethnicity reinforces the gender differences we have identified. Therefore, our reports to date focus only on the gender dimension.

We look forward and aim to find a path towards intersectional research in the near future.

The reportS are based on extensive empirical research in the fields of economics, finance, social psychology and business administration.